Changes in precipitation patterns can influence soil nitrogen (N) cycling by altering the timing and extent of moisture availability. Arid conditions, associated with more frequent and severe droughts, can increase soil inorganic N concentrations when diffusion constraints decouple N sources and sinks, making this N susceptible to loss. Further, shifts in precipitation patterns in one season can “carry over” N into subsequent seasons, known as precipitation legacies. However, how these legacies increase soil N availability through changes in inorganic N production (i.e., gross N mineralization and nitrification) remain unclear. We manipulated the amount and timing of precipitation in a pinyon–juniper dryland by either adding or excluding precipitation during the winter or summer months and then measured the effects on inorganic N production using isotope pool dilutions. Excluding precipitation in the winter wet season—the most severe drought imposed—reduced average (± std. error)...