The forgotten mid vowels

Дата публикации: 10-07-2026 00:00:00

Abstract
This study re-examines the phonological inventory of Proto-Pano, challenging the prevailing view that it had only
four oral vowels. Through a comparative analysis of 23 contemporary Pano languages/varieties, we reconstruct a Proto-Pano system
with two additional mid vowels, proposing a six-vowel inventory. This finding diverges from all previous reconstructions, which
overlooked historically significant distributional differences between mid vowels in Northern Pano languages, Kakataibo, and
Kaxarari. We argue that Pano mid vowels exhibit both conservative and innovative traits, questioning the assumption that all Pano
mid vowels are innovations. Our analysis highlights the role of merger in shaping Pano phonological diversity, supporting a
six-vowel reconstruction as a more accurate reflection of the comparative data. This revised perspective underscores the
importance of carefully analyzing sound correspondence patterns and offers new insights into the historical evolution and internal
classification of the Pano language family. Additionally, it calls for a thorough revision of previous Proto-Pano reconstructions
and opens promising avenues for future research on the Pano-Takana stock.

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