Вход на сайт

Просмотр новости

Найдите то, что Вас интересует

Europe's transport infrastructure is not ready to face climate change

Дата публикации: 22-07-2026 12:00:00






Climate extremes like floods, heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires are disrupting Europe’s transport. This study combines a review of past events and future projections to assess current losses and the future exposure of transport infrastructure. Exposure to extremes is projected to rise, but lower emissions can reduce it. Urgent action is needed to reduce emissions and adapt the Trans-European Transport Network to a changing climate.



Основное содержимое страницы с новостью.

Alcántara-Ayala, I.: Landslides in a changing world, Landslides, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-024-02451-1, 2025. a

Allen, T., Mcleod, G., and Hutt, S.: Sea level rise exposure assessment of U.S. East Coast cargo container terminals, Marit. Policy Manag., 49, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2021.1903597, 2021. a

Aon: Global Catastrophe Recap: July 2021, Aon, https://info.aon.de/wp-content/uploads/Aon-July-Global-Recap.pdf (last access: 11 June 2024), 2021. a

Arias, P., Bellouin, N., Coppola, E., Jones, R., Krinner, G., Marotzke, J., Naik, V., Palmer, M., Plattner, G.-K., Rogelj, J., Rojas, M., Sillmann, J., Storelvmo, T., Thorne, P., Trewin, B., Achuta Rao, K., Adhikary, B., Allan, R., Armour, K., Bala, G., Barimalala, R., Berger, S., Canadell, J., Cassou, C., Cherchi, A., Collins, W., Collins, W., Connors, S., Corti, S., Cruz, F., Dentener, F., Dereczynski, C., Di Luca, A., Diongue Niang, A., Doblas-Reyes, F., Dosio, A., Douville, H., Engelbrecht, F., Eyring, V., Fischer, E., Forster, P., Fox-Kemper, B., Fuglestvedt, J., Fyfe, J., Gillett, N., Goldfarb, L., Gorodetskaya, I., Gutierrez, J., Hamdi, R., Hawkins, E., Hewitt, H., Hope, P., Islam, A., Jones, C., Kaufman, D., Kopp, R., Kosaka, Y., Kossin, J., Krakovska, S., Lee, J.-Y., Li, J., Mauritsen, T., Maycock, T., Meinshausen, M., Min, S.-K., Monteiro, P., Ngo-Duc, T., Otto, F., Pinto, I., Pirani, A., Raghavan, K., Ranasinghe, R., Ruane, A., Ruiz, L., Sallée, J.-B., Samset, B., Sathyendranath, S., Seneviratne, S., Sörensson, A., Szopa, S., Takayabu, I., Tréguier, A.-M., van den Hurk, B., Vautard, R., von Schuckmann, K., Zaehle, S., Zhang, X., and Zickfeld, K.: Technical Summary, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 33–144, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.002, 2021. a, b

Arnell, N. W.: The implications of climate change for emergency planning, Int. J. Disast. Risk Re., 83, 103425, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103425, 2022. a

Asariotis, R., Benamara, H., and Mohos Naray, V.: Port Industry Survey on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28176.66569, 2017. a, b, c, d

Asariotis, R., Monioudi, I., Mohos Naray, V., Velegrakis, A., Vousdoukas, M., Mentaschi, L., and Feyen, L.: Climate change and seaports: hazards, impacts and policies and legislation for adaptation, Anthropocene Coasts, 7, https://doi.org/10.1007/s44218-024-00047-9, 2024. a, b

Asghari, M., Jaber, M. Y., and Mirzapour Al-e-hashem, S.: Coordinating vessel recovery actions: Analysis of disruption management in a liner shipping service, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 307, 627–644, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.08.039, 2023. a, b

Barnett, T., Adam, J., and Lettenmaier, D.: Potential Impacts of a Warming Climate on Water Availability in Snow-Dominated Regions, Nature, 438, 303–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04141, 2005. a

Bauer, N., Keller, D., Garbe, J., Karstens, K., Piontek, F., Von Bloh, W., Thiery, W., Zeitz, M., Mengel, M., Strefler, J., Thonicke, K., and Winkelmann, R.: Exploring risks and benefits of overshooting a 1.5  °C carbon budget over space and time, Environ. Res. Lett., 18, 54015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/accd83, 2023. a

Becker, A., Inoue, S., Fischer, M., and Schwegler, B.: Climate change impacts on international seaports: Knowledge, percep-tions, and planning efforts among port adminstrators, Clim. Change, 110, 5–29, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0043-7, 2012. a

Bednar-Friedl, B., Biesbroek, R., Schmidt, D. N., Alexander, P., Børsheim, K. Y., Carnicer, J., Georgopoulou, E., Haasnoot, M., Le Cozannet, G., Lionello, P., Lipka, O., Möllmann, C., Muccione, V., Mustonen, T., Piepenburg, D., and Whitmarsh, L.: Europe, in: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E. S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., and Rama, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1817–1927, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.015, 2022. a

Best, M. J., Pryor, M., Clark, D. B., Rooney, G. G., Essery, R. L. H., Ménard, C. B., Edwards, J. M., Hendry, M. A., Porson, A., Gedney, N., Mercado, L. M., Sitch, S., Blyth, E., Boucher, O., Cox, P. M., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Harding, R. J.: The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description – Part 1: Energy and water fluxes, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 677–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-677-2011, 2011. a

Bevacqua, E., de michele, C., Manning, C., Couasnon, A., F S Ribeiro, A., Ramos, A., Vignotto, E., Bastos, A., Blesic, S., Durante, F., Hillier, J., Oliveira, S., Pinto, J., Ragno, E., Rivoire, P., Saunders, K., Wiel, K., Wu, W., Zhang, T., and Zscheischler, J.: Guidelines for Studying Diverse Types of Compound Weather and Climate Events, Earth's Future, 9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002340, 2021. a

Bevacqua, E., Rakovec, O., Schumacher, D., Kumar, R., Thober, S., Samaniego, L., Seneviratne, S., and Zscheischler, J.: Direct and lagged climate change effects strongly intensified the widespread 2022 European drought, Nat. Geosci., 17, 1100–1107, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01559-2, 2024. a

Bles, T., Bessembinder, J., Chevreuil, M., Danielsson, P., Falemo, S., Venmans, A., Ennesser, Y., and Löfroth, H.: Climate Change Risk Assessments and Adaptation for Roads – Results of the ROADAPT Project, Transp. Res. Proc., 14, 58–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.041, 2016. a

Britannia P&I: Climate Change: Severe Weather and Its Impact on Shipping Risks, https://britanniapandi.com/2025/01/climate-change-climate-change-severe-weather-and-its-impact-on-shipping-risks/#footnote1, last access: 4 March 2025. a, b

Broeckx, J., Maertens, M., Isabirye, M., Vanmaercke, M., Namazzi, B., Deckers, J., Tamale, J., Jacobs, L., Thiery, W., Kervyn, M., Vranken, L., and Poesen, J.: Landslide susceptibility and mobilization rates in the Mount Elgon region, Uganda, Landslides, 16, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1085-y, 2018. a

Buluttan: Effects of Extreme Weather Events on Port Operations, https://www.buluttan.com/blog/severe-weather/effects-of-extreme-weather-events-on-port-operations, last acces: 4 March 2025. a, b, c

Burbidge, R.: Climate change risks and resilience for European aviation, Transp. Res. Proc., 72, 3276–3282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.860, 2023. a

Burbidge, R., Paling, C., and Dunk, R. M.: A systematic review of adaption to climate change impacts in the aviation sector, Transport Rev., 44, 8–33, https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2023.2220917, 2024. a

Burgen, S.: Spain wildfires: up to 20 injured after passengers break out of train engulfed by flames, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/17/spain-wildfires-injured-after-passengers-break-out-of-train-engulfed-by-flames (last access: 30 October 2024), 2022. a, b

Burton, C., Lampe, S., Kelley, D. I., et al.: Global burned area increasingly explained by climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 14, 1186–1192, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02140-w, 2024. a

Cattiaux, J., Vautard, R., Cassou, C., Yiou, P., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Codron, F.: Winter 2010 in Europe: A cold extreme in a warming climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044613, 2010. a

Chen, X. and Wang, H.: Enhancement of roadway pavement resilience to flooding: impact assessment and mitigation strategies, Transport. Res. D-Tr. E., 148, 104946, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.104946, 2025. a

Chini, M.: Hundreds of passengers stuck for hours on scorching train to Brussels, https://www.brusselstimes.com/259056/hundreds-of-passengers-stuck-for-hours-on-scorching-train-to-brussels (last access: 30 October 2024), 2022a. a

Chini, M.: Compensation for passengers stuck for hours on train to Brussels, https://www.brusselstimes.com/259362/compensation-for-passengers-stuck-for-hours-on-train-to-brussels (last access: 30 October 2024), 2022b. a

Chini, M.: Belgian Rail Scraps Over 30 Trains Due to Extreme Heat on Tuesday, https://www.brusselstimes.com/256674/belgian-rail-scraps-over-30-trains-due-to-extreme-heat-on-tuesday (last access: 30 October 2024), 2022c. a

Christodoulou, A., Christidis, P., and Demirel, H.: Sea-level rise in ports: a wider focus on impacts, Marit. Econ. Logist., 21, 482–496, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-018-0114-z, 2019. a, b, c, d

Christopher, Barros, V., Mastrandrea, M., Katharine, Abdrabo, M., Adger, W., Federation, Y., Anisimov, O., Arent, D., Jonathon, Virginia, Cai, R., Monalisa, Cohen, S., Wolfgang, Dasgupta, P., Davidson, D., Denton, F., Doell, P., and Yohe, G.: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability – IPCC WGII AR5 summary for policymakers, 1–32, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415379.003, 2014. a

Churm, P. A.: Severe Weather in France Grounds Flights, Leaves Thousands Without Power, https://www.euronews.com/2022/06/05/severe-weather-in-france-grounds-flights-leaves-thousands-without-power (last access: 24 March 2025), 2022. a

Cross, B. R.: Europe heatwave 2023: What's happening and how to cope with extreme heat, British Red Cross, https://www.redcross.org.uk/stories/disasters-and-emergencies/world/europe-heatwave-2023 (last access: 10 March 2024), 2023. a

de Vilder, S., Massey, C., Lukovic, B., Taig, T., and Morgenstern, R.: What drives landslide risk? Disaggregating risk analyses, an example from the Franz Josef Glacier and Fox Glacier valleys, New Zealand, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2289–2316, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2289-2022, 2022. a

De Vivo, C., Ellena, M., Capozzi, V., Budillon, G., and Mercogliano, P.: Risk assessment framework for Mediterranean airports: a focus on extreme temperatures and precipitations and sea level rise, Nat. Hazards, 111, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05066-0, 2022. a

Deijns, A., Michéa, D., Déprez, A., Malet, J.-P., Kervyn, F., Thiery, W., and Dewitte, O.: A semi-supervised multi-temporal landslide and flash flood event detection methodology for unexplored regions using massive satellite image time series, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 215, 400–418, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.07.010, 2024. a

Delahaye, J.: Breaking: Jet2 cancels all holidays and flights to Skiathos amid severe flooding in Greece, Mirror, https://www.mirror.co.uk/travel/news/breaking-jet2-cancels-holidays-flights-30879303 (last access: 7 July 2026), 2023. a

Deutsche Welle: Germany's Autobahns Crumble in Early Summer Heat, https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-autobahns-crumble-in-early-summer-heat/a-44050774 (last access: 4 March 2025), 2018. a

Die Zeit: Reparatur von Straßen und Brücken kostet 700 Millionen Euro, Zeit Online, https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2021-07/hochwasser-reparatur-infrastruktur-finanzhilfen (last access: 12 June 2024), 2021. a

Dobney, K., Baker, C., Quinn, A., and Chapman, L.: Quantifying the effects of high summer temperatures due to climate change on buckling and rail related delays in south–east United Kingdom, Meteorol. Appl., 16, 245–251, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.114, 2009. a

Donat, M. G., Leckebusch, G. C., Wild, S., and Ulbrich, U.: Future changes in European winter storm losses and extreme wind speeds inferred from GCM and RCM multi-model simulations, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1351–1370, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1351-2011, 2011. a

DRMKC: DRMKC Risk Data Hub, https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/risk-data-hub#/ (last access: 28 August 2024), 2024. a

Dury, M., Hambuckers, A., Warnant, P., Henrot, A., Favre, E., Ouberdous, M., and Francois, L.: Responses of European forest ecosystems to 21st century climate: assessing changes in interannual variability and fire intensity, iForest – Biogeosciences and Forestry, 82–99, https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor0572-004, 2011. a

Dutch News: Storm Causes Flash Flooding, Cancelled Flights but Few Problems, https://www.dutchnews.nl/2023/06/storm-causes-flash-flooding-cancelled-flights-but-few-problems/ (last access: 4 March 2025), 2023. a

Earth Systems: Geotechnical Effects of Prolonged Drought, Website, https://www.earthsystems.com/geotechnical-effects-of-prolonged-drought/, (last access: 10 March 2024), 2024. a

EASA: Managing the impact of climate change on aviation, https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/en/domains/safety-management/managing-impact-climate-change-aviation (last access: 29 August 2025), 2025. a

ECRA: European Climate Risk Assessment – Executive summary, https://doi.org/10.2800/204249, 2024. a

EEA: EEA – European Environment Agency (2023) Economic losses from weather- and climate-related extremes in Europe, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/economic-losses-from-climate-related#footnote-MSEXHN6Y (last access: 10 April 2024), 2023. a, b

EEA: European Environment Agency (2024) Extreme sea levels and coastal flooding in Europe, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/extreme-sea-levels-and-coastal-flooding?activeAccordion=, (last access: 9 April 2025), 2024. a

Enei, R., Doll, C., Partzsch, I., and Panteia, J. K.: Vulnerability of transport systems, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270571786 (last access: 21 June 2025), 2010. a, b

Etter, S., Addor, N., Huss, M., and Finger, D.: Climate change impacts on future snow, ice and rain runoff in a Swiss mountain catchment using multi-dataset calibration, J. Hydrol., 13, 222–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.08.005, 2017. a

Eurocontrol: Climate Change Risks for European Aviation: Annex 3: Impact of sea level rise on European airport operations, https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/2021-09/eurocontrol-study-climate-change-risk-european-aviation-annex-3.pdf (last access: 11 June 2024), 2021a. a, b, c

Eurocontrol: Climate Change Risks for European Aviation: Summary Report, https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/2021-09/eurocontrol-study-climate-change-risk-european-aviation-summary-report-2021.pdf (last access: 11 June 2024), 2021b. a, b, c, d, e

Euronews: Europe heatwave: Airport runways melt amid hottest day of the year in UK, https://www.euronews.com/2022/07/18/heatwave-red-alert-as-temperatures-soar-to-extreme-highs-across-europe (last access: 4 March 2025), 2022. a

Fernandez-Perez, A., Lara, J. L., Lucio, D., and Losada, I. J.: Compound climate change risk analysis for port infrastructures, Coast. Eng., 193, 104560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2024.104560, 2024. a

Fidanza, C.: Closure of the Frejus tunnel: a threat to the internal market and cross-border goods traffic – P-003740/2023, European Parliament, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/P-9-2023-003740_EN.html (last access: 28 August 2024), 2023. a

Fischer, E. and Knutti, R.: Anthropogenic contribution to global occurrence of heavy-precipitation and high-temperature extremes, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2617, 2015. a

Folberth, C., Gaiser, T., Abbaspour, K. C., Schulin, R., and Yang, H.: Regionalization of a large-scale crop growth model for sub-Saharan Africa: Model setup, evaluation, and estimation of maize yields, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 151, 21–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.01.026, 2012. a

Forzieri, G., Bianchi, A., Silva, F., Marin, M., Leblois, A., Lavalle, C., and Feyen, L.: Escalating impacts of climate extremes on critical infrastructures in Europe, Global Environ. Change, 48, 97–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.007, 2018. a

Frieler, K., Lange, S., Piontek, F., Reyer, C. P. O., Schewe, J., Warszawski, L., Zhao, F., Chini, L., Denvil, S., Emanuel, K., Geiger, T., Halladay, K., Hurtt, G., Mengel, M., Murakami, D., Ostberg, S., Popp, A., Riva, R., Stevanovic, M., Suzuki, T., Volkholz, J., Burke, E., Ciais, P., Ebi, K., Eddy, T. D., Elliott, J., Galbraith, E., Gosling, S. N., Hattermann, F., Hickler, T., Hinkel, J., Hof, C., Huber, V., Jägermeyr, J., Krysanova, V., Marcé, R., Müller Schmied, H., Mouratiadou, I., Pierson, D., Tittensor, D. P., Vautard, R., van Vliet, M., Biber, M. F., Betts, R. A., Bodirsky, B. L., Deryng, D., Frolking, S., Jones, C. D., Lotze, H. K., Lotze-Campen, H., Sahajpal, R., Thonicke, K., Tian, H., and Yamagata, Y.: Assessing the impacts of 1.5  °C global warming – simulation protocol of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2b), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4321–4345, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4321-2017, 2017. a

Frieler, K., Volkholz, J., Lange, S., Schewe, J., Mengel, M., del Rocío Rivas López, M., Otto, C., Reyer, C. P. O., Karger, D. N., Malle, J. T., Treu, S., Menz, C., Blanchard, J. L., Harrison, C. S., Petrik, C. M., Eddy, T. D., Ortega-Cisneros, K., Novaglio, C., Rousseau, Y., Watson, R. A., Stock, C., Liu, X., Heneghan, R., Tittensor, D., Maury, O., Büchner, M., Vogt, T., Wang, T., Sun, F., Sauer, I. J., Koch, J., Vanderkelen, I., Jägermeyr, J., Müller, C., Rabin, S., Klar, J., Vega del Valle, I. D., Lasslop, G., Chadburn, S., Burke, E., Gallego-Sala, A., Smith, N., Chang, J., Hantson, S., Burton, C., Gädeke, A., Li, F., Gosling, S. N., Müller Schmied, H., Hattermann, F., Wang, J., Yao, F., Hickler, T., Marcé, R., Pierson, D., Thiery, W., Mercado-Bettín, D., Ladwig, R., Ayala-Zamora, A. I., Forrest, M., and Bechtold, M.: Scenario setup and forcing data for impact model evaluation and impact attribution within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3a), Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1-2024, 2024. a

Gariano, S. L. and Guzzetti, F.: Landslides in a changing climate, Earth-Sci. Rev., 162, 227–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.011, 2016. a

Gaume, E., Borga, M., Llassat, M. C., Maouche, S., Lang, M., and Diakakis, M.: Mediterranean extreme floods and flash floods , in: The Mediterranean Region under Climate Change. A Scientific Update, Coll. Synthèses, 133–144, IRD Editions, https://hal.science/hal-01465740, 2016. a, b, c

Geerts, E.: Fires Near Tracks and Heat Complaints: Hot Spell Shakes Up European Railways, https://www.railtech.com/infrastructure/2022/07/19/fires-near-tracks-and-heat-complaints-hot-spell-shakes-up-european-railways/?gdpr=accept&gdpr=deny (last access: 4 March 2025), 2022. a, b

González-Alemán, J. J., Pascale, S., Gutierrez-Fernandez, J., Murakami, H., Gaertner, M. A., and Vecchi, G. A.: Potential Increase in Hazard From Mediterranean Hurricane Activity With Global Warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 1754–1764, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081253, 2019. a, b

Guglielmo, R., Ellena, M., Giuliana, B., Alcaras, E., Parente, C., Carcasi, G., Zarelli, C., Franciosi, A., and Mercogliano, P.: Risk assessment of national railway infrastructure due to sea-level rise: an application of a methodological framework in Italian coastal railways, Environ. Monit. Assess., 196, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12942-2, 2024. a

Guimberteau, M., Zhu, D., Maignan, F., Huang, Y., Yue, C., Dantec-Nédélec, S., Ottlé, C., Jornet-Puig, A., Bastos, A., Laurent, P., Goll, D., Bowring, S., Chang, J., Guenet, B., Tifafi, M., Peng, S., Krinner, G., Ducharne, A., Wang, F., Wang, T., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Yin, Z., Lauerwald, R., Joetzjer, E., Qiu, C., Kim, H., and Ciais, P.: ORCHIDEE-MICT (v8.4.1), a land surface model for the high latitudes: model description and validation, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 121–163, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-121-2018, 2018. a

Hagemann, S. and Gates, L.: Improving a subgrid runoff parameterization scheme for climate models by the use of high resolution data derived from satellite observations, Clim. Dynam., 21, 349–359, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0349-x, 2003. a

Haghighi, E., Kasraei, A., Famurewa, S., Strandberg, G., Sas, G., and Garmabaki, A.: Climate change risks on railway infrastructure: A systematic review and analysis, Sustain. Cities Soc., 129, 106504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2025.106504, 2025a. a

Haghighi, E., Kasraei, A., Famurewa, S., Strandberg, G., Sas, G., and Garmabaki, A.: Climate change risks on railway infrastructure: A systematic review and analysis, Sustain. Cities Soc., 129, 106504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2025.106504, 2025b. a, b

Hanasaki, N., Yoshikawa, S., Pokhrel, Y., and Kanae, S.: A global hydrological simulation to specify the sources of water used by humans, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 789–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-789-2018, 2018. a

Handwerger, A., Huang, M.-H., Fielding, E., Booth, A., and Burgmann, R.: A shift from drought to extreme rainfall drives a stable landslide to catastrophic failure, Sci. Rep., 9, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38300-0, 2019. a

Harrison, A. M., Heaton, M., and Entwisle, D. C.: Increasing road network resilience to the impacts of ground movement due to climate change: a case study from Lincolnshire, UK, Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydroge., 56, qjegh2023–002, https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2023-002, 2023. a

Hausfather, Z.: An assessment of current policy scenarios over the 21st century and the reduced plausibility of high-emissions pathways, Dialogues on Climate Change, 2, https://doi.org/10.1177/29768659241304854, 2025. a

Hausfather, Z. and Betts, R.: Analysis: How “carbon-cycle feedbacks” could make global warming worse, https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-how-carbon-cycle-feedbacks-could-make-global-warming-worse/ (last access: 28 August 2025), 2020. a

Huang, F., Mao, D., Jiang, S.-H., Zhou, C., Fan, X., Zeng, Z., Catani, F., Yu, C., Chang, Z., Huang, J., Jiang, B., and Li, Y.: Uncertainties in landslide susceptibility prediction modeling: A review on the incompleteness of landslide inventory and its influence rules, Geosci. Front., 15, 101 886, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2024.101886, 2024. a

Iliopoulou, C. and Makridis, M. A.: Critical multi-link disruption identification for public transport networks: A multi-objective optimization framework, Physica A, 626, 129100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2023.129100, 2023. a

Infrabel: Infrabel: schade spoor door overstromingen tientallen miljoenen euro's, https://www.spoorpro.nl/spoorbouw/2021/07/19/infrabel-schade-spoor-door-overstromingen-tientallen-miljoenen-euros/ (last access: 2024-08-28), 2021. a

IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, Tech. rep., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988.001, 2019. a

ITV: Why Can't UK Roads and Rail Cope with the Heat?, https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2022-07-19/why-cant-uk-roads-and-rail-cope-with-the-heat (last access: 4 March 2025), 2022. a

Jacobs, L., Maes, J., Mertens, K., Sekajugo, J., Thiery, W., Lipzig, N., Poesen, J., Kervyn, M., and Dewitte, O.: Reconstruction of a flash flood event through a multi-hazard approach: focus on the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda, Nat. Hazards, 84, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2458-y, 2016. a

Jacobs, L., Dewitte, O., Poesen, J., Sekajugo, J., Nobile, A., Rossi, M., Thiery, W., and Kervyn, M.: Field-based landslide susceptibility assessment in a data-scarce environment: the populated areas of the Rwenzori Mountains, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 105–124, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-105-2018, 2018. a

Jemec Auflič, M., Bezak, N., Šegina, E., Frantar, P., Gariano, S. L., Medved, A., and Peternel, T.: Climate change increases the number of landslides at the juncture of the Alpine, Pannonian and Mediterranean regions, Sci. Rep., 13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50314-x, 2023. a

Jonkeren, O., Jourquin, B., and Rietveld, P.: Modal-split effects of climate change: The effect of low water levels on the competitive position of inland waterway transport in the river Rhine area, Transport. Res. A-Pol., 45, 1007–1019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2009.01.004, 2011. a

Joughin, I., Abdalati, W., and Fahnestock, M.: Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ glacier, Nature, 432, 608–610, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03130, 2004. a

Journée, M., Goudenhoofdt, E., Vannitsem, S., and Delobbe, L.: Quantitative rainfall analysis of the 2021 mid-July flood event in Belgium, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3169–3189, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3169-2023, 2023. a, b

Karakatsani, E.: Greece economy briefing: The Economic Impact of the Recent Devastating Floods in Greece, China-CEE Institute, 65, https://china-cee.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023e09_Greece.pdf (last access: 21 June 2025), 2023. a, b

Kasraei, A., Garmabaki, A., Odelius, J., Famurewa, S. M., Chamkhorami, K. S., and Strandberg, G.: Climate change impacts assessment on railway infrastructure in urban environments, Sustain. Cities Soc., 101, 105084, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.105084, 2024. a

Keep Talking Greece: Heavy rainstorm floods Crete, forces Heraklio airport to shut down, https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2020/10/21/crete-floods-airport-heraklio/ (last access: 4 March 2025), 2020. a

Kettle, A. J.: Storm Xaver over Europe in December 2013: Overview of energy impacts and North Sea events, Adv. Geosci., 54, 137–147, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-137-2020, 2020. a

Khodayar, S., Kushta, J., Catto, J. L., Dafis, S., Davolio, S., Ferrarin, C., Flaounas, E., Groenemeijer, P., Hatzaki, M., Hochman, A., Kotroni, V., Landa, J., Láng-Ritter, I., Lazoglou, G., Liberato, M. L. R., Miglietta, M. M., Papagiannaki, K., Patlakas, P., Stojanov, R., and Zittis, G.: Mediterranean Cyclones in a Changing Climate: A Review on Their Socio-Economic Impacts, Rev. Geophys., 63, e2024RG000853, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RG000853, 2025. a

Koks, E., Rozenberg, J., Zorn, C., Tariverdi, M., Vousdoukas, M., Fraser, S., Hall, J., and Hallegatte, S.: A global multi-hazard risk analysis of road and railway infrastructure assets, Nat. Commun., 10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10442-3, 2019. a, b

Koks, E. E., van Ginkel, K. C. H., van Marle, M. J. E., and Lemnitzer, A.: Brief communication: Critical infrastructure impacts of the 2021 mid-July western European flood event, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3831–3838, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3831-2022, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h

Kreienkamp, F., Philip, S. Y., Tradowsky, J. S., et al.: Rapid Attribution of Heavy Rainfall Events Leading to the Severe Flooding in Western Europe during July 2021, World Weather Attribution, https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/Scientific-report-Western-Europe-floods-2021-attribution.pdf (last access: 4 March 2025), 2021. a, b

Kundzewicz, Kanae, Seneviratne, S., Handmer, Nicholls, N., Peduzzi, P., Mechler, R., Bouwer, L., Arnell, Mach, Muir-Wood, R., Brakenridge, R., Kron, W., Benito, G., Honda, Takahashi, and Sherstyukov, B.: Flood risk and climate change – Global and regional perspectives, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 59, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.857411, 2014. a, b

Lange, S.: Bias correction of surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation for the EWEMBI dataset, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 627–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-627-2018, 2018. a

Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., Reyer, C. P., Warszawski, L., Huber, V., Jägermeyr, J., Schewe, J., Bresch, D. N., Büchner, M., Chang, J., Ciais, P., Dury, M., Emanuel, K., Folberth, C., Gerten, D., Gosling, S. N., Grillakis, M., Hanasaki, N., Henrot, A. J., Hickler, T., Honda, Y., Ito, A., Khabarov, N., Koutroulis, A., Liu, W., Müller, C., Nishina, K., Ostberg, S., Müller Schmied, H., Seneviratne, S. I., Stacke, T., Steinkamp, J., Thiery, W., Wada, Y., Willner, S., Yang, H., Yoshikawa, M., Yue, C., and Frieler, K.: Projecting Exposure to Extreme Climate Impact Events Across Six Event Categories and Three Spatial Scales, Earth's Future, 8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001616, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f

Laudani, A.: Incendio aeroporto Catania: costa 40 milioni al dì. Dubbi sulla manutenzione, https://focusicilia.it/incendio-aeroporto-catania-costa-40-milioni-al-di-dubbi-sulla-manutenzione/ (last access: 2024-08-28), 2023. a

Lawrence, D. M., Oleson, K. W., Flanner, M. G., Thornton, P. E., Swenson, S. C., Lawrence, P. J., Zeng, X., Yang, Z.-L., Levis, S., Sakaguchi, K., Bonan, G. B., and Slater, A. G.: Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in Version 4 of the Community Land Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS00045, 2011. a

Lenderink, G., de Vries, H., van Meijgaard, E., de Rooy, W., van Ulft, L., Thompson, V., Qiu, X., and Fowler, H. J.: A pseudo global warming based system to study how climate change affects high impact rainfall events, Weather and Climate Extremes, 49, 100781, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2025.100781, 2025. a

Leviäkangas, P., Tuominen, A., Molarius, R., Schabel, J., Toivonen, S., Keränen, J., Törnqvist, J., Makkonen, L., Vajda, A., Tuomenvirta, H., Juga, I., Nurmi, P., Rauhala, J., Rehm, F., Mühlhausen, T., Gerz, T., Schweighofer, J., Michaelides, S., Papadakis, M., and Ludvigsen, J.: Review on Extreme Weather Impacts on Transport Systems, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, technical report, 2014. a

Li, S., Chen, Y., Wei, W., Fang, G., and Duan, W.: The increase in extreme precipitation and its proportion over global land, J. Hydrol., 628, 130456, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130456, 2024. a

Liu, W., Yang, H., Folberth, C., Wang, X., Luo, Q., and Schulin, R.: Global investigation of impacts of PET methods on simulating crop-water relations for maize, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 221, 164–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.02.017, 2016. a

Llasat, M.: Floods evolution in the Mediterranean region in a context of climate and environmental change, Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica, 47, https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.4897, 2021. a, b

Lloyd's List: Port of Valencia Reopens After Devastating Floods, https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1151259/Port-of-Valencia-reopens-after-devastating-floods (last access: 4 March 2025), 2024. a

Lorenz, R., Stalhandske, Z., and Fischer, E. M.: Detection of a Climate Change Signal in Extreme Heat, Heat Stress, and Cold in Europe From Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 8363–8374, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082062, 2019. a

Ma, B., Liu, X., Tong, Z., Zhang, J., and Wang, X.: Coupled Effects of High Temperatures and Droughts on Forest Fires in Northeast China, Remote Sens., 16, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203784, 2024. a

Marechal, A.: By altering rainfall patterns, climate change has an impact on the risk of landslides, Polytechnique Insights, https://www.polytechnique-insights.com/en/columns/planet/by-altering-rainfall-patterns-climate-change-has-an-impact-on-the-risk-of-landslides/ (last access: 10 March 2024), 2024. a

Maritime Executive: A Week After Devastating Floods, Spain's Valencia Port is Restoring Service, https://maritime-executive.com/article/a-week-after-devastating-floods-spain-s-valencia-port-is-restoring-service (last access: 4 March 2025), 2024. a

Marra, F., Koukoula, M., Canale, A., and Peleg, N.: Predicting extreme sub-hourly precipitation intensification based on temperature shifts, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 375–389, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-375-2024, 2024. a, b

Mcloughlin, B.: Milan flood chaos: Airport underwater as dozens evacuated after horror storms ravage Italy, https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1492452/Milan-floods-Malpensa-Airport-evacuated-storms-flooding-video-pictures-Italy-emergency (last access: 4 March 2025), 2021. a

Messori, G., Muheki, D., Batibeniz, F., Bevacqua, E., Suarez-Gutierrez, L., and Thiery, W.: Global Mapping of Concurrent Hazards and Impacts Associated With Climate Extremes Under Climate Change, Earth's Future, 13, e2025EF006325, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EF006325, 2025. a, b

Moreira, F., Ascoli, D., Safford, H., Adams, M., Moreno, J., Pereira, J., Catry, F., Armesto, J., Bond, W., González, M., Curt, T., Koutsias, N., Mccaw, L., Price, O., Pausas, J., Rigolot, E., Stephens, S., Tavşanoǧlu, Ã., Vallejo, V., and Fernandes, P.: Wildfire management in Mediterranean-type regions: paradigm change needed, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 011001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab541e, 2020. a

Muheki, D., Deijns, A. A. J., Bevacqua, E., Messori, G., Zscheischler, J., and Thiery, W.: The perfect storm? Co-occurring climate extremes in East Africa, Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 429–466, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-429-2024, 2024. a, b

Müller Schmied, H., Eisner, S., Franz, D., Wattenbach, M., Portmann, F. T., Flörke, M., and Döll, P.: Sensitivity of simulated global-scale freshwater fluxes and storages to input data, hydrological model structure, human water use and calibration, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3511–3538, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3511-2014, 2014. a

Müller Schmied, H., Adam, L., Eisner, S., Fink, G., Flörke, M., Kim, H., Oki, T., Portmann, F. T., Reinecke, R., Riedel, C., Song, Q., Zhang, J., and Döll, P.: Variations of global and continental water balance components as impacted by climate forcing uncertainty and human water use, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2877–2898, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2877-2016, 2016. a

Mühr, B., Kubisch, S., Marx, A., Stötzer, J., Wisotzky, C., Latt, C., Siegmann, F., Glattfelder, M., Mohr, S., and Kunz, M.: CEDIM Forensic Disaster Analysis Group (FDA) – Dürre & Hitzewelle Sommer 2018 (Deutschland) – 18 August 2018 – Report No. 1, https://www.cedim.kit.edu/download/FDA_Duerre_Hitzewelle_Deutschland_report.pdf (last access: 28 August 2024), 2018. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i

Nemry, F. and Demirel, H.: Impacts of climate change on transport – A focus on road and rail transport infrastructures, Publications Office of the European Union, https://doi.org/10.2791/15504, 2012. a

Nezval, V., Andrášik, R., and Bíl, M.: Vegetation fires along the Czech rail network, Fire Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-022-00141-8, 2022. a, b, c

Nissen, K., Leckebusch, G., Pinto, J., and Ulbrich, U.: Mediterranean cyclones and windstorms in a changing climate, Reg. Environ. Change, 14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0400-8, 2013. a

Noëth, B.: Ajaccio Airport Closed for the Weekend as Runway Gets Flooded, https://www.aviation24.be/airports/ajaccio-airport-aja/closed-for-the-weekend-as-runway-gets-flooded/ (last access: 4 March 2025), 2019. a

Noëth, B.: Heraklion Airport (Greece) closed due to torrential rain and flooding on the island; at least 25 flights divert, https://www.aviation24.be/airlines/closed-due-to-heavy-rainfalls-on-the-island-at-least-25-flights-divert/ (last access: 4 March 2025), 2022. a, b

NTPR: Flood Impact on Inland Waterway Transport (IWT), https://www.ntpr.nl/news/news/2021/07/21/Flood-Impact-IWT.html (last access: 4 March 2025), 2021. a

OECD: Infrastructure for a Climate-Resilient Future, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/a74a45b0-en, 2024. a

Palin, E. J., Stipanovic Oslakovic, I., Gavin, K., and Quinn, A.: Implications of climate change for railway infrastructure, WIREs Climate Change, 12, e728, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.728, 2021. a, b, c

Pandey, P., Huidobro, G., Lopes, L., Ganteaume, A., Ascoli, D., Colaço, M. C., Xanthopoulos, G., Giannaropoulos, T., Gazzard, R., Boustras, G., Steelman, T., Charlton, V., Ferguson, E., Kirschner, J., Little, K., Stoof, C., Nikolakis, W., Rodríguez Fernández-Blanco, C., Ribotta, C., and Dossi, S.: A global outlook on increasing wildfire risk: Current policy situation and future pathways, Trees, Forests and People, 14, 100431, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2023.100431, 2023. a

Peleg, N., Koukoula, M., and Marra, F.: A 2  °C warming can double the frequency of extreme summer downpours in the Alps, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01081-1, 2025. a

Pelz, S., Ganti, G., Lamboll, R., Grant, L., Smith, C., Pachauri, S., Rogelj, J., Riahi, K., Thiery, W., and Gidden, M. J.: Using net-zero carbon debt to track climate overshoot responsibility, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 122, e2409316122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2409316122, 2025. a

Pietroiusti, R., Vanderkelen, I., Otto, F. E. L., Barnes, C., Temple, L., Akurut, M., Bally, P., van Lipzig, N. P. M., and Thiery, W.: Possible role of anthropogenic climate change in the record-breaking 2020 Lake Victoria levels and floods, Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 225–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-225-2024, 2024. a

Pleasance: Spain Fires: Moment Passengers Terrorized as Train Surrounded by Wildfires, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11023807/Spain-fires-Moment-passengers-terror-train-surrounded-wildfires.html (last access: 4 March 2025), 2022. a

Pohle, I., Zeilfelder, S., Birner, J., and Creutzfeldt, B.: The 2018–2023 drought in Berlin: impacts and analysis of the perspective of water resources management, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1293–1313, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1293-2025, 2025. a

Portillo Juan, N., Negro Valdecantos, V., and del Campo, J. M.: Review of the Impacts of Climate Change on Ports and Harbours and Their Adaptation in Spain, Sustainability, 14, https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127507, 2022. a

Delahaye J.: Breaking: Jet2 cancels all holidays and flights to Skiathos amid severe flooding in Greece, https://www.mirror.co.uk/travel/news/breaking-jet2-cancels-holidays-flights-30879303 (last access: 7 July 2026), 2023. 

PreventionWeb: Greece's record rainfall and flash floods are part of a trend across the Mediterranean with weather becoming more extreme, PreventionWeb, https://www.preventionweb.net/news/greeces-record-rainfall-and-flash-floods-are-part-trend-across-mediterranean-weather-becoming (last access: 10 March 2024), 2023. a, b

ProRail: Hoe is het met het spoor in Limburg?, ProRail, https://www.prorail.nl/nieuws/hoe-is-het-met-het-spoor-in-limburg (last access: 3 October 2025), 2021. a

Quintana, J. R., Martín-Sanz, J. P., Valverde-Asenjo, I., and Molina, J. A.: Drought differently destabilizes soil structure in a chronosequence of abandoned agricultural lands, CATENA, 222, 106871, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106871, 2023. a, b

Rahman, M. U. and Kim, A. M.: Recovery times for highway disruptions due to natural hazard events, Transport. Res. D-Tr. E., 139, 104537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2024.104537, 2025. a

Railway Technology: Sea change: protecting coastal railways from rising sea levels, Railway Technology, https://www.railway-technology.com/features/sea-level-impact-on-railways/?cf-view (last access: 2024-03-10), 2024. a

Reale, M., Cabos Narvaez, W. D., Cavicchia, L., Conte, D., Coppola, E., Flaounas, E., Giorgi, F., Gualdi, S., Hochman, A., Li, L., Lionello, P., Podrascanin, Z., Salon, S., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Scoccimarro, E., Sein, D., and Somot, S.: Future projections of Mediterranean cyclone characteristics using the Med-CORDEX ensemble of coupled regional climate system models, Clim. Dynam., 58, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06018-x, 2022. a, b, c

Rebally, A., Valeo, C., He, J., and Saidi, S.: Flood Impact Assessments on Transportation Networks: A Review of Methods and Associated Temporal and Spatial Scales, Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3, https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.732181, 2021. a

Redazione, L.: Incendi in Sicilia: ecco cosa accade, La Redazione, https://www.laredazione.net/incendi-in-sicilia-ecco-cosa-accade/ (last access: 10 March 2024), 2023. a

Reuters: Heavy Rains Trigger Floods in Portugal's Capital, One Dead, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/heavy-rains-trigger-floods-portugals-capital-one-dead-2022-12-08/ (last access: 4 March 2025), 2025. a

Ridder, N., Ukkola, A., Pitman, A., and Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.: Increased occurrence of high impact compound events under climate change, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 5, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00224-4, 2022. a

Rimi, A.: Overheating passengers abandon train stuck in tunnel and walk to platform along tracks, https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/train-passengers-stuck-walk-tracks-heatwave-b2127185.html (last access: 30 October 2024), 2022. a, b

Rogelj, J., Fransen, T., den Elzen, M. G. J., Lamboll, R. D., Schumer, C., Kuramochi, T., Hans, F., Mooldijk, S., and Portugal-Pereira, J.: Credibility gap in net-zero climate targets leaves world at high risk, Science, 380, 1014–1016, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg6248, 2023. a

Rossi, L., Wens, M., Moel, H., Cotti, D., Siemons, A.-S., Toreti, A., Maetens, W., Masante, D., Loon, A., Hagenlocher, M., Rudari, R., Meroni, M., Avanzi, F., Isabellon, M., Naumann, G., and Barbosa, P.: European Drought Risk Atlas, Publications Office of the European Union, technical report, https://doi.org/10.2760/608737, 2023. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i

Rosvold, E. L. and Buhaug, H.: GDIS, a global dataset of geocoded disaster locations, Sci. Data, 8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00846-6, 2021. a, b

Rovithakis, A., Burke, E., Burton, C., Kasoar, M., Grillakis, M. G., Seiradakis, K. D., and Voulgarakis, A.: Estimating future wildfire burnt area over Greece using the JULES-INFERNO model, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3185–3200, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-3185-2025, 2025. a

Rozendaal, J.: Treinverbinding Nessonvaux-Pepinster heropend na schade door overstromingen, RailTech, https://www.railtech.be/nl/infrastructuur/2021/09/13/volgende-waalse-lijn-heropend-nog-twee-te-gaan/ (last access: 13 June 2024), 2021. a

Russo, S., Sillmann, J., and Fischer, E. M.: Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 124003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003, 2015. a

Russo, S., Sillmann, J., and Sterl, A.: Humid heat waves at different warming levels, Sci. Rep., 7, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07536-7, 2017. a

SAFARI Ports: Facing the Storm: The Threat of Extreme Weather to European Ports, https://www.safariports.eu/journal-post/facing-the-storm-the-threat-of-extreme-weather-to-european-ports (last access: 4 March 2025), 2023. a

Sami, I. and Keith, L.: How do streetcar transit users and streetcar decision-makers perceive heat risk?, J. Public Transport., 25, 100045, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubtr.2023.100045, 2023. a

Sánchez, M., Wang, D., Briaud, J.-L., and Douglas, C.: Typical geomechanical problems associated with railroads on shrink-swell soils, Transportation Geotechnics, 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2014.07.002, 2014. a

Schaphoff, S., Forkel, M., Müller, C., Knauer, J., von Bloh, W., Gerten, D., Jägermeyr, J., Lucht, W., Rammig, A., Thonicke, K., and Waha, K.: LPJmL4 – a dynamic global vegetation model with managed land – Part 2: Model evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1377–1403, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1377-2018, 2018. a

Schlögl, M. and Matulla, C.: Potential future exposure of European land transport infrastructure to rainfall-induced landslides throughout the 21st century, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1121–1132, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1121-2018, 2018. a

Schweighofer, J.: The impact of extreme weather and climate change on inland waterway transport, Nat. Hazards, 72, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0541-6, 2014. a, b, c

Seneviratne, S., Nicholls, N., Easterling, D., Goodess, C., Kanae, S., Kossin, J., Luo, Y., Marengo, J., Mcinnes, K., Rahimi, M., Reichstein, M., Sorteberg, A., Vera, C., and Zhang, X.: Changes in climate extremes and their impacts on the natural physical environment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 109–230, 2012. a

Seneviratne, S., Donat, M., Pitman, A., Knutti, R., and Wilby, R.: Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets, Nature, 529, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16542, 2016. a

Seneviratne, S., Zhang, X., Adnan, M., Badi, W., Dereczynski, C., Di Luca, A., Ghosh, S., Iskandar, I., Kossin, J., Lewis, S., Otto, F., Pinto, I., Satoh, M., Vicente-Serrano, S., Wehner, M., and Zhou, B.: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J., Maycock, T., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1513–1766, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.013, 2021. a

Severino, L. G., Kropf, C. M., Afargan-Gerstman, H., Fairless, C., de Vries, A. J., Domeisen, D. I. V., and Bresch, D. N.: Projections and uncertainties of winter windstorm damage in Europe in a changing climate, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1555–1578, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1555-2024, 2024. a

Shafizadeh-Moghadam, H., Minaei, M., Shahabi, H., and Hagenauer, J.: Big Data in Geohazard; Pattern Mining and Large Scale Analysis of Landslides in Iran, Earth Sci. Inform., 12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-018-0354-6, 2019. a

Sharma, S.: One dead and hundreds of flights cancelled at Schiphol airport as freak summer storm batters Netherlands, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/storm-poly-schiphol-airport-netherlands-b2369712.html (last access: 4 March 2025), 2023. a, b

Skoulding, L.: Where are the Italy wildfires as temperatures rise to 47.6C on Sicliy?, https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/sicily-fires-weather-temperatures-italy-b2381940.html (last access: 28 August 2024), 2023. a, b, c, d, e

Slavicek, M.: How the Heat Wave is Damaging Rail Infrastructure and Forcing Trains to Run at Low Speed, https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2022/07/25/how-the-heat-wave-is-damaging-rail-infrastructure-and-forcing-trains-to-run-at-low-speed_5991396_19.html (last access: 4 March 2025), 2022. a

Smith, B., Wårlind, D., Arneth, A., Hickler, T., Leadley, P., Siltberg, J., and Zaehle, S.: Implications of incorporating N cycling and N limitations on primary production in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model, Biogeosciences, 11, 2027–2054, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2027-2014, 2014. a

Spiegel: The Never-Ending Summer: Is Germany's Heat Wave a Preview of the Future?, https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-never-ending-summer-is-germany-s-heat-wave-a-preview-of-the-future-a-1221557.html (last access: 4 March 2025), 2019. a

Stacke, T. and Hagemann, S.: Development and evaluation of a global dynamical wetlands extent scheme, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2915–2933, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2915-2012, 2012. a

Staib, J.: Ein kolossales, apokalyptisches ausmaß, https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/hochwasser-in-rheinland-pfalz-roger-lewentz-zieht-erste-bilanz-17449104.html (last access: 2024-08-28), 2021. a

Streng, M., van Saase, N., and Kuipers, B.: Economische impact laagwater, UPT Erasmus Centre for Urban, Port, and Transport Economics, https://www.eur.nl/en/upt/media/87562 (last access: 7 July 2026), 2020. a, b, c

Sullivan, A.: Can German roads hold up against the heat?, https://www.dw.com/en/can-germanys-supposedly-crumbling-infrastructure-hold-up-against-extreme-heat/a-44854931 (last access: 4 March 2025), 2018. a, b

Sullivan, H. and Tondo, L.: “˜Like a blowtorch”: Mediterranean on fire as blazes spread across nine countries, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/26/northern-hemisphere-heatwaves-mediterranean-fires-croatia-portugal (last access: 28 August 2024), 2023. a

Tabari, H.: Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability, Sci. Rep., 10, 13768, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70816-2, 2020. a

Task Force Fact Finding hoogwater: Hoogwater 2021: Feiten en Duiding, Expertise Netwerk Waterveiligheid, Expertise Netwerk Waterveiligheid, https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:06b03772-ebe0-4949-9c4d-7c1593fb094e, 2021. a

TEN-T: Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/infrastructure-and-investment/trans-european-transport-network-ten-t_en (last access: 3 October 2024), 2024. a

The Vibes: Valencia Airport Briefly Shut as Lightning Hits Runway, https://www.thevibes.com/articles/world/77144/valencia-airport-briefly-shut-as-lightning-hits-runway (last access: 4 March 2025), 2022. a

Thiery, W., Davin, E. L., Lawrence, D. M., Hirsch, A. L., Hauser, M., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Present-day irrigation mitigates heat extremes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 1403–1422, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025740, 2017. a

Thiery, W., Visser, A. J., Fischer, E. M., Hauser, M., Hirsch, A. L., Lawrence, D. M., Lejeune, Q., Davin, E. L., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Warming of hot extremes alleviated by expanding irrigation, Nat. Commun., 11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14075-4, 2020. a

Thiery, W., Lange, S., Rogelj, J., Schleussner, C. F., Gudmundsson, L., Seneviratne, S. I., Andrijevic, M., Frieler, K., Emanuel, K., Geiger, T., Bresch, D. N., Zhao, F., Willner, S. N., Büchner, M., Volkholz, J., Bauer, N., Chang, J., Ciais, P., Dury, M., François, L., Grillakis, M., Gosling, S. N., Hanasaki, N., Hickler, T., Huber, V., Ito, A., Jägermeyr, J., Khabarov, N., Koutroulis, A., Liu, W., Lutz, W., Mengel, M., Müller, C., Ostberg, S., Reyer, C. P., Stacke, T., and Wada, Y.: Intergenerational inequities in exposure to climate extremes, Inter. Inequities Exp. Clim. Extrem., 374, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi7339, 2021a. a, b, c

Thiery, W., Lange, S., Rogelj, J., et al.: Age-dependent extreme event exposure – data accompanying journal publication, in: Science: Vol. in press (1.0), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5497633, 2021b. a

Tichavský, R., Ballesteros-Canovas, J., Šilhán, K., and Tolasz, R.: Dry Spells and Extreme Precipitation are The Main Trigger of Landslides in Central Europe, Sci. Rep., 9, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51148-2, 2019. a

Tradowsky, J. S., Philip, S. Y., Kreienkamp, F., Kew, S. F., Lorenz, P., Arrighi, J., Bettmann, T., Caluwaerts, S., Chan, S. C., Cruz, L. D., de Vries, H., Demuth, N., Ferrone, A., Fischer, E. M., Fowler, H. J., Goergen, K., Heinrich, D., Henrichs, Y., Kaspar, F., Lenderink, G., Nilson, E., Otto, F. E., Ragone, F., Seneviratne, S. I., Singh, R. K., Skålevåg, A., Termonia, P., Thalheimer, L., van Aalst, M., den Bergh, J. V., de Vyver, H. V., Vannitsem, S., van Oldenborgh, G. J., Schaeybroeck, B. V., Vautard, R., Vonk, D., and Wanders, N.: Attribution of the heavy rainfall events leading to severe flooding in Western Europe during July 2021, Clim. Change, 176, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03502-7, 2023. a, b, c, d

van Ginkel, K. C. H., Dottori, F., Alfieri, L., Feyen, L., and Koks, E. E.: Flood risk assessment of the European road network, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1011–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1011-2021, 2021. a

Verschuur, J., Koks, E., and Hall, J.: Port disruptions due to natural disasters: Insights into port and logistics resilience, Transport. Res. D-Tr. E., 85, 102393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102393, 2020. a, b

Verschuur, J., Koks, E. E., Li, S., and Hall, J. W.: Multi-hazard risk to global port infrastructure and resulting trade and logistics losses, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00656-7, 2023. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h

Vidas, M.: Port of Manzanillo: Climate Risk Management, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), https://doi.org/10.18235/0012813, 2015. a

Vinke, F., Turpijn, B., Gelder, P., and Koningsveld, M.: Inland shipping response to discharge extremes– A 10-years case study of the Rhine, Climate Risk Management, 43, 100578, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2023.100578, 2024. a

Vivo, C. D., Ellena, M., Barbato, G., Pugliese, A., Marinucci, F., Barilli, T., and Mercogliano, P.: A co-design matrix-based approach to evaluate the climate risks for airports: A case study of Bologna airport, Climate Services, 37, 100536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2024.100536, 2025. a

Voskaki, A., Budd, T., and Mason, K.: The impact of climate hazards to airport systems: a synthesis of the implications and risk mitigation trends, Transport Rev., 43, 652–675, https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2022.2163319, 2023. a

Vousdoukas, M. I., Voukouvalas, E., Mentaschi, L., Dottori, F., Giardino, A., Bouziotas, D., Bianchi, A., Salamon, P., and Feyen, L.: Developments in large-scale coastal flood hazard mapping, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1841–1853, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1841-2016, 2016. a, b, c

Vousdoukas, M. I., Mentaschi, L., Voukouvalas, E., Verlaan, M., and Feyen, L.: Extreme sea levels on the rise along Europe's coasts, Earth's Future, 5, 304–323, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000505, 2017. a, b

VUB-HYDR: 2025_Deidda_etal_NHESS, GitHub [code], https://github.com/VUB-HYDR/2025_Deidda_etal_NHESS (last access: 26 June 2025), 2025. a

Wada, Y., Wisser, D., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources, Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 15–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-15-2014, 2014. a

Wada, Y., de Graaf, I. E. M., and van Beek, L. P. H.: High-resolution modeling of human and climate impacts on global water resources, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 8, 735–763, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015MS000618, 2016. a

Wang, D., Sánchez, M., and Briaud, J.-L.: Behavior of railroads on shrink-swell soils, E3S Web of Conferences, 9, 20007, https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20160920007, 2016. a

Wehmann, J.: A1, A61, A553 nach Flut: Engpässe zwischen Hürth und Dreieck Erfttal, 24rhein, https://www.24rhein.de/leben-im-westen/verkehr/freigabe-a1-a61-a553-sperrung-kreuz-kerpen-frei-bauarbeiten-planung-90985671.html (last access: 13 June 2024), 2022. a

Xie, C., Bao, Z., and Chen, A.: Disrupted transportation networks under different information availability and stochasticity situations, Transport. Res. C-Emer., 150, 104097, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2023.104097, 2023. a

Yao, Y., Thiery, W., and Sterl, S.: Winter is leaving: Reduced occurrence of extremely cold days in Belgium and implications for power system planning, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, https://researchportal.vub.be/en/publications/winter-is-leaving-reduced-occurrence-of-extremely-cold-days-in-be (last access: 26 June 2025), 2020. a

Zachariah, M., Philip, S., Pinto, I., Vahlberg, M., Singh, R., Otto, F., Barnes, C., and Kimutai, J.: Extreme heat in North America, Europe and China in July 2023 made much more likely by climate change, World Weather Attribution, https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/extreme-heat-in-north-america-europe-and-china-in-july-2023-made-much-more-likely-by-climate-change/ (last access: 10 March 2024), 2023. a, b, c

Zare, A. and Miller-Hooks, E.: A risk analysis approach to transportation infrastructure climate protection investment, Transport.Res. D-Tr. E., 104931, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2025.104931, 2025. a

Zscheischler, J. and Fischer, E. M.: The record-breaking compound hot and dry 2018 growing season in Germany, Weather and Climate Extremes, 29, 100270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2020.100270, 2020. a, b, c, d

Zscheischler, J. and Seneviratne, S.: Dependence of drivers affects risks associated with compound events, Sci. Adv., 3, e1700263, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700263, 2017. a, b

Zscheischler, J., Martius, O., Westra, S., Bevacqua, E., Raymond, C., Horton, R., Hurk, B., AghaKouchak, A., Jézéquel, A., Mahecha, M., Maraun, D., Ramos, A., Ridder, N., Thiery, W., and Vignotto, E.: A typology of compound weather and climate events, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 1, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0060-z, 2020. a

Схожие новости

#Наименование новостиТональностьИнформативностьДата публикации
1How the heatwave crippled Europe (PHOTOS, VIDEOS)-2630-06-2026
2As climate change damages streets and highways, the road ahead may be expensive0507-07-2026
3From continental to street scales: climate change impacts on atmospheric composition over Europe and London08.4221-07-2026
4The cost of heat: Why Europe’s economy is melting-3606-07-2026
5Beyond the 100-year flood: probabilistic flood hazard assessment for King and Pierce Counties under future climate scenarios0813-07-2026
6Climate Resilience: The Hidden Advantage for Small Firms and Global Supply Chains5620-09-2025
7Brief communication: Temperature-driven shrinkage of a disappearing Himalayan glacier011.2421-07-2026
8Get prepared: current Europe heatwaves are a dress rehearsal-2630-06-2026
9Heatwave across western Europe – in pictures0710-07-2026
10Экологи заявили о новом климатическом буме в Европе: неплавящийся асфальт-2509-07-2026

Классификация: . Схожих патентов: 0. Схожих новостей: 10. Тональность: 0. Информативность: 6.85. Источник: www.egu.eu.